An Exploration of Modified Microwave-assisted Rapid Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process for Conversion of Palm Kernel Shells to Bio-oil

Authors

  • Abu Saleh Centre for Research of Innovation and Sustainable Development, School of Engineering and Technology, University of Technology Sarawak, 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
  • M. Hasanuzzaman Universiti Malaya Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), 59990 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • H. Cassidy Centre for Research of Innovation and Sustainable Development, School of Engineering and Technology, University of Technology Sarawak, 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
  • S. H. Dayang Centre for Research of Innovation and Sustainable Development, School of Engineering and Technology, University of Technology Sarawak, 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia
  • M. Shahril Centre for Research of Innovation and Sustainable Development, School of Engineering and Technology, University of Technology Sarawak, 96000 Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.07.02.2023.02

Abstract

Bio-oil is one of the potential resources to address the sustainable energy development and environmental issues. Microwave-assisted Rapid Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process is one of the popular techniques that is used to extract bio-oil from biomass. In this paper, the bio-oil has been extracted from Palm Kernel Shells by using microwave-assisted and conventional heating pyrolysis processes. A modified heating mantle apparatus are used to conduct the experiment for extracting the bio-oil. The experiments are conducted by varying the hydrothermal temperature and time for both techniques to achieve the conversion of the bio-oil from the raw material. It is found that the yield of bio-oil for microwave-assisted Rapid Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process at 350°C and 400°C are from 10.70 wt% to 25.60 wt% within hydrothermal time 6, 9 and 12 minutes. The pH value of the bio-oil is acidic with the range from 3 to 4. The calorific value of the bio-oil is varied from 24 to 26 MJ/kg for both conversion methods. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) result reveals that multiple functional groups (alcohol, aldehydes, carboxylic acid and ketones) are present in the PKS bio-oil.

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Published

2023-04-01

How to Cite

Saleh, A., M., H., H., C., S. H., D., & M., S. (2023). An Exploration of Modified Microwave-assisted Rapid Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process for Conversion of Palm Kernel Shells to Bio-oil. International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture, 8(2), 36–50. https://doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.07.02.2023.02

Issue

Vol. 8 No. 2 (2023)

Section

Research

License

© Copyright: The Author(s)
Creative Commons: CC BY 4.0
Copyright of articles that appear in International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture (IJEMM) are belonged to “The Author(s)” under terms and conditions of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC BY 4.0). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode