International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture
International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture(IJEMM) is a quarterly blind peer reviewed journal focusing on original and high-quality research in the wide range of engineering materials and manufacturing topics. It is to provide an excellent and focused platform for knowledge exchange among researchers and academicians working in the field to publish their work globally under a fully open access model.
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The Role of Molybdenum in the Kinetics of Bainitic Transformation of Steel
When studying the kinetics of the transformation of supercooled austenite in a wide range of cooling rates for medium-carbon steels, molybdenum alloying sharply increases the stability of austenite during its diffusion decomposition, shifting the region of decomposition into pearlite and ferrite towards low cooling rates. It is shown that the region of austenite decomposition into bainite is separated from the region of decomposition into pearlite. Bainite transformation occurs over a very wide range of cooling rates in the temperature range 530–335 °C, with the formation of mainly products of decomposition of the granular structure.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oleksandr Babachenko, Xiaojin Gao
Experimental and Finite Element Analysis of Heat Conduction of Brass, Copper and Aluminium
Thermal conductivity is the transmission of internal energy through electron movement or lattice vibrations within a substance from an area with warmer temperatures to one with lower temperatures between two adjacent materials. Kinetic activity escalates with temperature, resulting in accelerated molecular motion. This study examined the linear heat conductivity of three distinct samples: brass, copper, and aluminium. This was achieved by attaching the thermocouples and electric heater to the sockets on the Heat Transfer Experiments Base Unit (TD1002A), which also serves as the heat sink's cold water input and drain. The experimental base unit was utilized to achieve seven different temperatures; simultaneously, seven different temperatures were studied by the finite element analysis method (Ansys Workbench). Analysis of the gathered data revealed that, the temperature decreases progressively along the measurement points for all materials. Brass shows a reduction from 58 °C to 27 °C, copper from 55 °C to 28 °C, and aluminium from 58 °C to 29 °C. Among the tested materials, brass exhibits the largest overall temperature drop, while copper demonstrates the most uniform thermal decline, indicating material-dependent heat transfer behaviour. similarly, the results of finite element showed nearly the same values as the experimental results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Azhin Abdallah Abdalrahman, Hawre F. Amin, Pshtiwan M. Karim
Green Solutions using Microbial Fuel Cells for Dye Wastewater Treatment and Bioelectricity Generation
With scientific progression and technological advancements, the newly industrialized world has become increasingly dependent on water use. However, water, a fundamental necessity of life, is being polluted through various means, often returning to the environment carrying hazardous substances that pose serious health risks. Implementing a proper sanitation system is crucial for treating contaminated water and ensuring it is safe for human consumption. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology can serve as a low-cost and eco-friendly alternative to current wastewater treatment methods and is gaining traction among modern community planners due to its dual function as both a wastewater treatment and power generation system. Bangladesh, regarded as a haven for textile manufacturing businesses, hosts a large number of garment factories that produce a substantial amount of dyeing wastewater containing high levels of chemical pollutants. This study has been designed to develop a microbial fuel cell (MFC) for treating dyeing wastewater generated by Bangladeshi garment industries, while simultaneously producing bioelectricity. A remarkable BOD and COD removal efficiency of 81.57% and 84.38%, respectively, was achieved. The maximum voltage generated was 1.4 volts during the first hour, which gradually decreased over time due to a decline in microbial activity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Md Jakir Hossen, Samsul Islam, Sharmin Akter, Md Mahfuz Uddin, Md Ar Rafee Bin Akram, Amanullah Moral
Development of an Extruder for the Expression of Oil from Trunk Fish mormyrus rume
Oil extracted from Mormyrus rume is highly valued for its nutritional benefits, highlighting the need for a simple and efficient processing device for fish oil extraction. This study focused on developing a contamination-free fish oil extruder. The machine was designed based on the principle of pressure differentials, where the pressure applied to the incoming fish pulp is compared to that exerted on the discharged material. Preheated fish are poured through the machine hopper and were compressed through a tapered screw conveyor with a shaft that narrows towards the discharge end and both the pressliqour and the cake are collected via the discharge outlets The maximum fish oil yield of 28.5 % was obtained from Mormyrus rume at a screw diameter of 42.5 mm and a pressing time of 15 minutes. The machine's throughput capacity was recorded at 0.75 kg/h, while the oil expression rate was 0.2 kg/h at a fish-to-water ratio of 2:0.5. The highest oil expression efficiency of 80.0% was achieved at a heating time of 10 minutes, a screw diameter of 42.5 mm with a constant screw rotation speed of 55 rpm. The machine is expected to be applicable for extracting oil from other fish species and oil-bearing materials with similar physical properties. This innovation presents a reliable and efficient method for the mechanical expression of high-quality fish oil.
Oluborede Gabriel Bayode Oluborede Gabriel Bayode
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayuba Abubakar Babanna , Ajiboye Tajudeen Kolawole , Sunmonu Musliu Olushola, Abdulrahaman Kamaldeen Olajire, Agboola Oluwagbemi Caleb, Oluborede Gabriel Bayode, Okouzi Abhulimhen Solomon, Aliyu Rilwan, Ibrahim Yahaya
Advancements in Piezoelectric Materials for Biomedical Applications: A Review
Piezoelectric materials have the unique ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa, allowing them to both generate electricity under stress and deform in response to electrical stimulation. This dual functionality makes them a highly promising candidate in biomedical engineering. Over the past few decades, researchers have explored their potential for applications such as tissue engineering, artificial muscles, biomedical implants, and bone tissue regeneration. The growing demand for self-powered and biocompatible devices has increased interest in these materials as they can operate without external power sources by harvesting energy from natural body functions. However, a major research gap remains in developing biodegradable and non-toxic piezoelectric materials that integrate safely into living tissues while maintaining sufficient mechanical strength and electrical responsiveness. Many studies have focused on electrical performance, with less emphasis on long-term biocompatibility and degradation in biological environments. This review analyses the properties and biomedical applications of piezoelectric materials, specifically their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and electromechanical characteristics in skin and neural regeneration, artificial muscles, pacemaker and cochlear implants, and bone tissue regeneration. Future research should prioritize non-cytotoxic, biodegradable composites that balance biocompatibility and performance. Advancements in this area could revolutionize biomedical devices by enabling self-powered, responsive healthcare solutions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ricky Nong, Jenna Hamdan, Alfonso Santiago, David Faltaous, Muhammad Hasibul Hasan
The Total En Bloc Spondylectomy Hybridization Surgery and its 3D-Printed Applications: A Review
As the incidence of spinal tumors increases, so too does the demand for modern surgical solutions. Spinal tumors may begin as either metastatic or primary, but in both cases can develop rapidly causing a compression in the cauda equina nerve or spinal cord. Such compression causes neurological dysfunction, resulting in both tremendous pain and spinal instability. A key emerging surgical method in the removal of spinal tumors is the total en bloc spondylectomy (TES), a development of the previously popular en bloc spondylectomy. Since its development in 1989, the demanding and sophisticated surgical intervention has been gaining popularity and has now become accepted by musculoskeletal and tumor surgeons. The total en bloc spondylectomy serves as an effective approach in entirely removing the tissue which is damaged whilst not interfering with the spine’s integrity. This procedure is done by various methods, all of which involve the careful reconstruction of the spine stability. In modern times, this surgery has been conducted in a hybridization format utilizing 3D-printers. This paper will delve into the four major 3D-printed components allowing for spinal reconstruction, artificial vertebral bodies, titanium cages, pedicle screws and rods, and guides. Similarities, differences, problems and more will be compared and contrasted whilst carefully examining the various printing methods, the biomaterials and each of their unique surgical applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hannah Halberstadt, Fatima Choudary, Lauren Smith, Kayla Yunger , Muhammad Hasibul Hasan
Water Absorption and Erosion Resistance Properties of Soil Blocks Stabilised with Cissus Populnea Stem Fibre-Infused Water
The imminent shortage of conventional building materials coupled with environmental concerns due to the manufacturing processes underscore the need for innovative and sustainable solutions. In soil material improvement, research is being shifted into the use of agricultural-based materials for soil stabilisation. It is against this background that, this study investigated the water absorption and erosion resistance of soil blocks stabilised with Cissus populnea fibre-infused water. To determine the effect of the Cissus populnea fibre-infused content on the soil blocks water absorption and erosion resistance, the infusion concentrations in the mixing water was varied from 0%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% and 15% by weight of the water. A total of 75 blocks were produced and tested at 28 days. From the results, the control blocks absorbed 0.47% water while blocks stabilised with 15% Cissus populnea fibre-infused water absorbed 0.23% water, representing 51% reduction in the block water absorption. Furthermore, erosion decreased from 5.5mm, 4.5mm, 2.6mm, 0.0mm and 0.0mm for the 0%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% and 15% Cissus populnea fibre infusion respectively. The study therefore concludes that Cissus populnea fibre-infused water, particularly at 12.5% and 15% infusions, positively enhanced the durability of soil blocks, making them suitable for soil housing applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zievie Patrick, Tanibe Bakaar Thomas, Appiah-Kubi Emmanuel
The Impact of Cutting Speed and Feed Rate on Tool Wear and Surface Damage During the Milling of CFRP Composites
Renowned for their high specific stiffness and exceptional structural integrity, carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) has become indispensable in advanced aerospace and automotive engineering. However, the machining of these composites presents significant difficulties due to their abrasive constituents and anisotropic architecture. During milling, common problems such as rapid tool degradation, delamination of fibres, matrix debonding, and compromised surface finish are frequently observed. This study investigates the extent of tool deterioration and associated surface impairments during the dry milling of CFRP using an uncoated 8 mm tungsten carbide end mill. A selection of cutting parameters which is cutting speeds (100, 150, and 200 m/min) and feed rates (450, 600, and 850 mm/min) were examined during milling of CFRP. The results reveal that cutting speed predominantly affects tool degradation, accounting for a 62.1% increase in wear, while feed rate contributed to 42.7% of the variation. Microscopic analysis of the machined surfaces highlighted defects such as fibre rupture, resin smearing, interlaminar separation, and cracking-phenomena intensified by elevated thermal loading at higher cutting speeds. Based on the outcomes, employing moderate feed rates and lower cutting velocities is recommended to enhance surface integrity and prolong tool usability under dry machining conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Najlah Sakinah Shahruddin, Nor Farah Huda Abd Halim, Aisyah Madihah Mustafa, Siti Haryani Tomadi, Erry Y.T. Adesta
A Preliminary Study of Recycling Technology Selection Framework (RTSF) For Evaluating the Effectiveness of Plastic Recycling Technologies
Plastic waste has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental issues globally, with Malaysia generating approximately 1.6 million tonnes of plastic waste annually of which only 9% is effectively recycled. This Study introduces the Recycling Technology Selection Framework (RTSF), a qualitative decision- support tool designed to systematically evaluate and compare plastic recycling technologies across four key pillars: technical, environmental, innovation and technological advancement, and system efficiency. Utilizing a three-level scoring system (High, Medium, Low) and thematic coding of secondary data, the framework was applied to five recycling technologies; mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, pyrolysis, gasification and enzymatic recycling. Radar chart visualization enabled comprehensive performance comparisons. The results show that mechanical recycling is currently the most feasible technology in Malaysia, whereas chemical and pyrolysis exhibit significant potential for future scalability and innovation. Gasification and enzymatic method remain limited by economic and developmental constraints. The framework's validity was further demonstrated through three Malaysian case studies, revealing measurable performance improvements of 15-22% in cost efficiency, material industry stakeholders, and researchers in making informed, sustainability-aligned decisions, thereby supporting the transition toward a circular economy both in Malaysia and in other developing regions facing similar challenges. Keywords: Plastic Recycling Technologies; Recycling Technology Selection Framework (RTSF), Circular Economy, Environmental Sustainability, Decision-Support Tool, Malaysia, Technology Evaluation, Waste Management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Karthik Ganesan, Mohd Amri Lajis
An Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of uPVC Pipes Manufactured in Bangladesh
With rapid urbanization, the demand for plastic-based infrastructure materials has increased significantly in Bangladesh over the past few decades. Currently, nearly eighty percent of pipes used for residential, commercial and industrial applications are manufactured locally. This study aims to assess the mechanical properties of domestically produced unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) pipes and evaluate their compliance with international quality standards. Five specimens from different manufacturers were randomly selected and tested for Shore D hardness, impact resistance and tensile strength according to ASTM D2240, BS 3505 and ASTM D638 standards, respectively. The results revealed that forty percent of the specimens met both hardness and tensile strength requirements, while none of the specimens passed the impact resistance test. These findings highlight inconsistencies in the mechanical performance of locally manufactured uPVC pipes and suggest areas for quality improvement. The study provides essential insights for local manufacturers, regulators and consumers, contributing to the enhancement of product reliability and international competitiveness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md Ar Rafee Bin Akrama, Samsul Islam, Md Mushfik Ul Islam , Md Shohidul Islam Masum , Mohammad Zoynal Abedin
The Progression of Nanomaterials and the Introduction of 3D Nanomaterial Prosthetics
Prosthetics have come a long way, evolving from their first prototypes with limited functionality to advanced computer-based systems integrated with AI and enhanced by nanomaterials. Three dimensional (3D) nanomaterial prosthetics have caught the attention of the medical community and have shown promising revolutionary advancements in prosthetic implants. Nanomaterials have become extremely versatile and applicable in many different health applications, thus researchers have explored the integration of 3D nanomaterials into prosthetics. This review provides a brief overview of the common types of nanomaterials, along with various examples and their properties. Additionally, various examples of nanomaterial prosthetics will be discussed along with any implant implementation concerns. In the end, future research on nanomaterials and prosthetics will be presented. To summarize, this review will provide readers with a brief understanding of nanomaterials and their implementation in prosthetics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anthony Pham, Royce Wang, Justin M.-W. Chan, Allen Z. Fang, Muhammad Hasibul Hasan
An Investigation and Optimization of Hardness and Tribological Behaviour of Ricehusk Ash Reinforced Aluminium Matrix Composite using Powder Metallurgy Route
A composite material of pure aluminium (Al) reinforced with rice husk ash (RHA) was developed using the powder metallurgy route. The mixing parameters (speed and time) were optimized using optimum mixture design in Design Expert 13 software. The effects of varying aluminium and RHA compositions, as well as mixing time and stirring speed, were investigated. The mechanical and tribological properties, specifically hardness, wear rate and coefficient of friction (COF) were evaluated. Before the RHA reinforcement was added, the pure aluminium exhibited a hardness of 61.36666667 HV, a wear rate of 0.000013889 mm/Nm, and a coefficient of friction of 0.3215. The optimization process resulted in an optimal composition of 12.552% RHA and 87.448% aluminium, with a stirring speed of 169.812rpm and a mixing time of 1 hour. Under these conditions, the composite achieved a hardness of 108.326 HV, a zero wear rate, and a coefficient of friction of 0.307. The optimization led to a percentage improvement of 76% in hardness, a 100% reduction in wear rate, and a 4.1% reduction in coefficient of friction. The reduced coefficient of friction remains within the optimal range for effective braking application.
Copyright (c) 2025 Umma Abdullahi, Gaminana Jimoh Ohinoyi, Bello Kamilu Adeyemi, Kayode Funmilola Anike, Bashar Dan-Asabe, Suleiman Muhammed Ohotu, Murtala Sule Dambatta, Abdu Salihi
Preparation of Super-hydrophobic Surface on Stainless Steel - A Review
This paper presents a thorough examination of the various methodologies employed in the fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces on stainless steel substrates. The study investigates the chemical, mechanical, and combined processes utilized for surface modification especially for Stainless Steel (SS). Chemical techniques, including etching, sol-gel deposition, coating, and electrochemical deposition methods, are discussed in detail, highlighting their effectiveness in exposing superhydrophobicity to stainless steel surfaces. Mechanical approaches such as laser ablation, micro/nano structuring, and sandblasting are explored, emphasizing their ability to create hierarchical surface roughness conducive to superhydrophobic behaviour. Finally, approaches that combines chemical and mechanical processes to achieve the desirable surface modification are discussed under the combined approach section. This study is helpful to identify which fabrication method would be best suitable for a particular need within available resources. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art techniques for preparing superhydrophobic surfaces on stainless steel, offering insights into the advancements, challenges, and future directions in this area of research.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shah Tanvir Alam Rimon, Fatema Tuz Zohra, Bahram Asiabanpour
The Role of Recycled Glass in Optical Fiber Technology for Circular Economies: A Review
The growing demand for sustainable requirements in all disciplines that should be aligned with the concept of smart cities with parallel of the need to achieve the united nation sustainable development goals by 2030, leads the researchers to find innovative solution in circular economy based. One of the new technologies that have wide range of application due to its variety of application is the Glass optical Fibers. Optical Fibers have a contribution to different industries such communication, construction and manufacturing. This led to a huge quantity of waste based on the linear economy concept. This research focus on highlighting the contribution of recycled glass as a sustainable alternative to virgin silica, emphasizing its ability to retain essential properties. Furthermore, the adoption of recycled glass aligns with circular economy principles, enabling resource conservation, reduced environmental degradation, and energy-efficient manufacturing. The research also highlighted the challenging for recycling the optical Fiber-based glass. By addressing these challenges, recycled glass optical fibres contribute significantly to achieving multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Moreover, the critical role of recycled glass in fostering eco-friendly and technologically advanced smart city infrastructures while promoting sustainability, efficiency, and environmental stewardship in modern urban development also was discussed. As a result, Glass-based fibre optics support growing smart city needs, increasing their use and resulting waste, which should be viewed as a valuable resource, not environmental burden.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rana Shahin, Jannat Al Alami, Ahmad Malahfji, Moataz Helal, Muataz Al Hazza
Development of a Solar-Powered Incubator for Poultry Eggs
The development of solar-powered egg incubators holds promise for sustainable agriculture and poultry farming, particularly in areas with limited access to reliable electricity. Hence, in this work, locally sourced materials were used for the development of solar-powered incubator, with the aim of providing a sustainable and reliable alternative to traditional electricity-powered incubators. The design of the incubator was carried out using the different equations stipulated in literatures. Also, the performance of the incubator was investigated by determining the system temperature, relative humidity, percentage fertility and hatchability. The experimental results indicated that the total heat generated inside the incubator was 149,753.49 J, with contributions from air, eggs, water, and plywood. Also, there was consistent temperature and relative humidity readings throughout the incubation period with the temperature and relative humidity falling between 37.1-38.0°C and 50.6-56% respectively. The study also showed that the incubation process was conducted with diligence, leading to favorable outcomes (67% fertility and 75% hatchability) for embryo development and hatching success.
Copyright (c) 2025 Joseph Abutu, Mainigi Umar, James Wamayi Midala, Abdulkarim Muhammad Odeh, Garkuwa Haruna, Christian Ogwuche Ike, Sunday Albert Lawal
Optimization of Indoor Airflow Distribution in Variable Refrigerant Flow Air Conditioning System: A Review
Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) air conditioning systems have gained widespread acceptance for their energy efficiency, precise temperature control, and flexibility in multi-zone applications. However, the optimization of indoor airflow distribution remains a critical factor for enhancing system performance and occupant comfort. This review synthesizes the current research on the strategies and methodologies employed to optimize the indoor airflow distribution in VRF systems. Key areas of focus include advanced sensor integration, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, and the impact of indoor unit placement and design of the system. Studies highlight the importance of adaptive control strategies that respond to real-time occupancy and thermal load variations. Additionally, advancements in sensor technology and CFD simulations offer detailed insights into airflow patterns and temperature distributions, facilitating more effective system design and operation. This review also identifies the existing gaps in the literature and suggests the future research directions, emphasizing the need for integrated approaches that combine empirical data and advanced control mechanisms to achieve the optimal indoor air quality and the energy efficiency in the VRF systems. It is found that the VRF system is more economic and efficient such that the VRF system is found to have 44% cost profit when compared with the conventional HVAC system. On the other hand, the energy saving obtained with solar energy based VRF for the hot-dry climate is 17.5% and 11.6% against conventional all-air VAV and VRF systems, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed control strategy can improve energy efficiency by 12.6% and control room temperature fluctuations within ± 0.5°C.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amal Chandra Kar, Mohammad Zoynal Abedin
Advancements in Nanorobots: Innovating Bladder Cancer Treatments, Diagnosis and Patient Outcomes
Nanorobots are an emerging technology that can deliver cancer treatment with increased precision, potentially decreasing unintended side effects commonly seen with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Recent advancements in in vivo trials have demonstrated significant tumor reduction in mice with bladder cancer, showing the potential of nanorobots to not only treat but also improve diagnostic capabilities in cancer therapy. This review aims to highlight the precision of nanorobots, the current knowledge on their use and their potential in clinical applications. The use of nanorobots could lead to better patient outcomes by providing targeted treatment and reducing side effects. Key components of modern nanorobot technology, including self-driving capabilities, biocompatibility, and biosafety, are analyzed. Chemically-driven micro/nanorobots (MNRs) are primarily categorized by the biocompatibility of the materials used and the cytotoxicity of their waste products. Common materials are considered, focusing on size, shape, surface charge, and surface area. While both hydrogen peroxide and urease-driven nanorobots are considered potential fuels for MNRs, urease is regarded as a more biocompatible solution, making it a promising option for cancer treatment. This report emphasizes the potential of nanorobots to revolutionize the treatment of bladder cancer by improving both therapeutic precision and patient quality of life.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zehra Hussain, Alyssa Di Fonzo, Hermela Merhawi, Mary Gallant, Robert Girlan, Muhammad Hasibul Hasan
Analysis of the Remaining Life Assessment of Fb-8701c Spherical Tank based on Thickness Measurement Data with Ultrasonic Testing Method
This remaining life assessment assessed the thickness and corrosion rate characteristics of A516 Grade 70 carbon steel, a material widely used in the fabrication of pressure vessels and boilers, including spherical tanks. The material was evaluated through ultrasonic non-destructive testing, with the aim of determining the minimum thickness and corrosion rate, based on field data collected by the inspector. The data was then analyzed to determine the minimum allowable thickness and estimate the remaining life of the pressure vessel based on API 510 standard. The study results showed that all components examined were within safe limits for use, above the required thickness (actual thickness > required thickness). The calculation of the highest corrosion rate is on the Top Head Plate 7 component, which is 0.067 mm/year, so this component has the shortest remaining life, which is 54.06 years. This study also calculates the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) value which is a reference to ensure the safety of pressure vessels when operated. The working pressure when operated must not exceed the calculated MAWP value. The calculated MAWP value is in the range of 6.99 to 8.12 psi.
Copyright (c) 2024 Faiqotul Himmah, Dharmaputra Dwi Satria Dipa, Ismail
Wazuh SIEM for Cyber Security and Threat Mitigation in Apparel Industries
Security of IT infrastructure is critical in the modern digital environment, particularly for industries that manufacture clothing. The application of the Wazuh Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) system to improve security monitoring and compliance for an IT system in the apparel industry is the main topic of this study. To improve the apparel industry cyber threat monitoring system in real-time monitoring, detecting the threat vectors that support the centralized management system, to meet these objectives of the company, an SIEM security management system has been installed and configured with the components of Wazuh manager, indexer, Wazuh agent, and Wazuh dashboard as well. An Oracle virtual lab environment was created to install and configure the Wazuh system a robust Linux operating system was installed at the server level and Windows 10 was installed on the client end to the authenticity failure of the security system. To implement the Wazuh system, the project management guideline was followed which ensured the planning and implementation of the project, testing phases, and along with review and maintenance. Wazuh security management system successfully identified the authentical failure reports and vulnerabilities and generated automated reports from the system that showed the result of 1 critical, 19 high, and 5 medium levels of vulnerabilities shown in Figure 6, and the necessary patch recommended to solve the critical issues. On the other hand, the system also generated security events as well as integrity monitoring system reports. The deployment of the Wazuh security management system ensured the robust cost-effective security management system with high quality for detecting cyber threats which supports the regulatory and compliance requirements and is a viable tool for the apparel industry to protect the stakeholders’ interest.
Copyright (c) 2024 Md Rafiqul Islam, Raisa Rafique
Selection of Optimal Bending Types in Die Process of L-Shaped Panels Considering the Springback Behaviours
In die designing, one of the most crucial decisions is selecting the appropriate die process required to produce panels. The challenge for die designer is to comprehend the behaviour of the panel material in relation to the die processes. If the die process is not correctly determined before die fabrication, severe panel spring back may occur, which can become difficult and require additional time and effort to rectify. This paper presents research aimed at understanding the behaviour of different types of bending process combinations concerning the spring back occurrence during the stamping process of an L-shaped design intent panel. Using simulation and experiment, three types of materials with different tensile properties of 270 MPa, 440 MPa and 590 MPa, but the same thickness of 1.8 mm, were selected. The results were compared, analysed and optimized by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) method. The results demonstrate that one-process bending with full bending (compress type) approach, is the most suitable for the three materials type L-shaped panel. The study provides guidelines for die design engineers, industrial practitioners and researchers to decide on the best approach for die process decisions, when dealing with specific panels properties, shape and thickness.
Copyright (c) 2024 Salfarina Rozeman, Erry Yulian Triblas Adesta, Ali Sophian, Siti Haryani Tomadi
Ocular Hydrogel Materials and Corresponding Methods of Anterior Segment Drug Delivery: A Review
Ocular conditions have historically proven difficult to treat. Topical eye drops are the primary method of anterior ocular drug delivery but have demonstrated low effectiveness as they require perpetual administration to achieve adequate doses of drug in the target tissue. This can lower patient compliance and increase the risk of side effects, such as systemic toxicity as most of the drug is absorbed through the eye’s natural clearance pathways. Considering this, further development of alternate anterior delivery methods has the potential to improve drug effectiveness, residence times, and bioavailability, as well as reduce systemic toxicity. To this end, the ongoing development of contact lenses, thermogels, nanoparticle delivery systems, as well as mucoadhesive and mucopenetrative properties are being explored. This paper will discuss these developments, as well as their implications in ocular treatment.
Copyright (c) 2024 Michael Williams, Muhammad Hasibul Hasan
Application of Metamaterial in Renewable Energy: A Review
Metamaterial advancements hold promise for compact renewable energy harvesting, capturing acoustic, electromagnetic, mechanical, and solar energy on a modest scale across global industries. Engineered structures surpass natural material limitations, offering capabilities unattainable in traditional counterparts. This investigation explores metamaterials' manipulation of acoustic, electromagnetic, mechanical, and solar energy. Mechanical metamaterials convert strain into electrical energy, applicable from interstellar travel to terrestrial infrastructure. Precision-configured acoustic metamaterials efficiently harness dispersed acoustic energy, improving renewable energy methodologies. Integration into photovoltaic cells showcases metamaterials' solar potential, with innovative designs enhancing solar energy conversion efficiency. Electromagnetic metamaterials efficiently absorb and convert frequencies into usable energy from communications and monitoring systems, in the agricultural and environmental sectors. Comparative analyses highlight noteworthy efficiency advancements, underscoring metamaterials' transformative influence on renewable energy. As they redefine the sector, implications extend to both small-scale devices and large-scale applications, positioning them as pivotal contributors. The paper critically evaluates metamaterial effectiveness in harnessing diverse energy sources, guiding future research. Metamaterial adaptability to different sizes and integration into technology reveals possibilities for compact energy sources. Ongoing research addresses scientific and economic challenges, paving the way for scaling metamaterial applications to commercial operations and emphasizing their importance in incorporating renewable energy into our technological milieu.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abeer Asad, Ali Ahmad, Pocholo Pacpaco, Claire Thampongphan, Muhammad Hasibul Hasan
Recycled Household Plastic and Oil Palm Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composite for Lightweight Construction Applications
Polypropylene is extensively used in aerospace, automotive and construction applications due to its versatile properties. This project aims to reduce plastic and oil palm waste and promote the development of strong, sustainable and eco-friendly construction materials. The objective of this project is to develop a sustainable yet high-performance construction material by incorporating polypropylene particles, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibres and oil palm shell (OPS) particles into epoxy composites through the hand lay-up method. The composite specimens undergo ASTM D638 tensile test to determine the tensile properties. The addition of PP particles in varying weights shows decrease in tensile strength, likely due to poor dispersion and compatibility with the epoxy matrix. Incorporating 3 wt% OPEFB fibres with fibre length from 2mm to 4mm improves tensile strength by 2.32% and 23.36% respectively at higher PP particle loadings which are 15 wt% and 25 wt%. Adding 1 wt% and 3 wt% OPS particles improves the tensile strength by 2.96% and 4.68% respectively, in composites with 10 wt% PP particles and 3 wt% OPEFB fibres. The tensile performance may be improved by treating PP particles with compatibilizers such as silane or maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene.
Copyright (c) 2024 Adrian Wong Qin Jun, Fong Ai Ling, Sujan Debnath, Mohammad Yeakub Ali
An Improvement of Hand Press Machine by Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) Methodology
This research consists of the analysis of hand press machine selected using the Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) method. DFMA is a method that combines both Design for Manufacturing (DFM) and Design for Assembly (DFA) techniques. It has the purpose to make improvements on the existing product by implementing DFMA to reduce number of components, time, and cost. The combination of hand press machine and a die cutting tool has been an effective tool to produce and replicate identical designs in the shortest time. The main objective of this research is to develop a Hand Press Machine that exhibits superior design efficiency and reduced manufacturing costs compared to the original design. To achieve this, the chosen existing model, the WUTA Pro Leather Cutting Machine, was remodelled using SolidWorks 2022 software. The original design of the Hand Press Machine had a design efficiency of 25.89%. However, the improved design achieved a significantly higher design efficiency of 36.56%, representing an increase of 10.67%. To attain this improvement, four modifications were implemented. One notable achievement in the improved design was a reduction in the total number of parts. The original design comprised 52 parts, whereas the improved design successfully reduced this to 34 parts, resulting in a reduction of 18 parts. The cost analysis, based on total absorption cost, revealed that the manufacturing cost of the original design was estimated at $362.01 for 18 manufactured parts. In contrast, the improved design was able to achieve a cost reduction, with an estimated manufacturing cost of around $339.16 for 16 manufactured parts. This indicates a cost reduction of $22.85 between the two models.
Copyright (c) 2024 Pei Yee Ng, Mohd Amri Lajis, Azli Nawawi
Experimental Investigation into Strength Properties of Ribbed Mild Steel Reinforcing Bars (RMSRBs) Produced by Local Companies in Ghana
The construction of high-rise buildings has increased the production and demand of ribbed mild steel reinforcing bars (RMSRBs) in Ghana. This study aimed at investigating the strength properties of RMSRBs manufactured in Ghana from scrap metals. Three steel-producing companies were considered for this study. A total of 90 samples of 12, 16, and 20mm diameters with lengths of 500, 50, and 20mm were used for the study. The prepared specimens were subjected to tensile strength test, chemical composition analysis, micro-hardness test, and microstructure analysis. The results indicate that the average tensile strength of between 576.00 and 768.40N/mm2 were above the minimum tensile strength of 250N/mm2 recommended by ASTM E8/E8M-16a. The carbon equivalent values (CEVs) of between 0.287 and 0.333% obtained were almost within the range of 0.3 to 0.55% recommended by ASTM A706/A706M-09b. It was also identified that the average Vickers hardness values of between 255.76 and 295.38HV were acceptable. The microstructural images showed good distribution of the pearlite and ferrite of the core. One Way ANOVA results indicated that the differences in the tensile strength values for 12mm (p-value ˂0.000) and 16mm (p-value =0.001) were statistically significant, however, the 20mm (p-value =0.138) was not statistically significant. The study, therefore, concludes that the strength properties of the 12, 16, and 20mm diameters of the RMSRBs produced by the three different companies in Ghana meet the standard requirements, and are recommended for use by contractors for the production of reinforced concrete.
Copyright (c) 2024 Humphrey Danso, Mohammed Sumaila
Utilisation of Waste Shea Nutshell Fine-Grained Particles to Enhance Strength and Durability Behaviour of Concrete
Shea nutshells possess properties that stabilise soil enough to resist water penetration. It is a waste material and incorporating it as an additive material in concrete will be a means by which it can be recycled. With this projection, the study incorporated shea nutshell particles (SSP) as fine aggregates in concrete. The aim was to determine their influence on strength and durability properties. Fine aggregates were partially replaced with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% SSP based on the weight of the aggregate, and labelled as A0, S10, S20, S30 and S40 respectively. Concrete cubes of size 150 mm and cylinders of diameter 150 mm and height of 300 mm were prepared and cured for 7, 14, 28, and 90 days. The concrete was tested for density, compressive strength, split tensile strength, water absorption, and sulphate attack. The inclusion of the SSP did not improve the compressive and split tensile strengths. However, water absorption and sulphate attack decreased with further addition. Though, strength properties did not appreciate, values at 10%, 20% and 30% additions in 28 and 90 days satisfied the 28 days minimum requirement of 25 N/mm2. Hence, the study recommends the use of SSP in concrete production up to 30%.
Copyright (c) 2024 Patrick Zievie, Prof. Peter Paa-kofi yalley, Prof. Humphrey Danso, Dr. Kwaku Antwi
A Review on Properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites: Effect of Gamma Radiation and Nano particles.
Materials comprised of a polymer matrix with natural fiber reinforcement are known as natural fiber reinforcement polymer composites (NFRCs). Scientists have recently become quite interested in these composite materials because they provide improved properties over conventional synthetic fiber reinforced polymer composites at a lower cost and with benefits to the environment. However, a number of factors, including gamma radiation exposure and the addition of nanoparticles, can impact the properties of NFRCs. This review will focus on the effects of gamma radiation and nanoparticles on the mechanical, thermal, and water-resistance properties of NFRCs. In order to help in the creation of new and improved NFRCs for diverse applications, this review seeks to provide a thorough understanding of the characteristics of NFRCs and how they might be impacted by gamma radiation and nanoparticles.
Copyright (c) 2024 Md. Shamim Ahmed, Md. Marjanul Haque, Ruhul A. Khan, Md. Abdul Hannan Mia
An Overview of Bone Cement Compositions used in Vertebroplasty and Their Viability in Clinical Settings
Vertebroplasty is a minimally invasive surgical procedure wherein a particular composition of bone cement is injected into a fractured vertebra in an attempt to restore joint mobility and reduce perceived pain. It is especially common in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, most typically experienced by older women. The formulation of this bone cement takes on many forms, the most common being the group of cements known as polymethyl methacrylate acrylic bone cements. The different varieties of acrylic bone cements are investigated and compared, in addition to new potential rival materials being developed to rival the dominance of acrylic bone cements in the vertebroplasty bone cement industry. Factors such as biomechanical strength, handling, osteoconductivity/inductivity, biodegradability, additive delivery, and porosity are considered. While the main drawbacks of acrylic bone cements (significant biomechanical mismatch with vertebrae and lack of biodegradability and osteoconductivity) present opportunities for new solutions to enter the market to compete, the industry standard in vertebroplasty remains the most widely applicable, and thus wisest, cement choice for the procedure. Keywords: Vertebroplasty, Minimally Invasive Surgery, Biodegradability, Bone Cement
Copyright (c) 2024 Gleb Levashov, Muhammad Hasibul Hasan, Arion Frakulli, Janneza Macaalay, Kian Nahad
Investigating Optimal Smartphone Placement for Identifying Stairs Movement using Machine Learning
The identification of gait activities such as stair ascending and descending poses a significant challenge due to the proximity of data provided by the sensory pathway. Accurate identification of gait activities is crucial in conveying essential gait information to users for the recognition of human movement activities. However, gait patterns can vary significantly between individuals, making it challenging to develop a generalized algorithm for identifying incline surface gait activity. Factors such as walking speed, stride length, and body mechanics can all influence gait patterns, making it difficult to establish a consistent framework. Despite various research on gait event detection for level ground walking, the identification of gait activities on an inclined surface such as stairs, especially using smartphones as sensors, is currently lacking. The goal of this study is to investigate and develop a reliable and accurate method for detecting gait activities on an inclined surface such as stairs using smartphones as the sensing device. Specifically, this study focuses on investigating optimal placement of smartphones to extract tri- axis accelerometer data from the inertial sensors during stair movement. The inertial sensor data was collected from the smartphone at two different positions and two different orientations. The data was trained against 6 machine learning algorithms namely Decision Tree, Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, Random Forest, Neural Networks and KNN. It was observed that, by using Decision Tree and Random Forest algorithm 100% accuracy was achieved, when smartphone was placed at the thigh during stair movement. Successful identification of stair movement activity by using a smartphone can significantly contribute to future research and could also prove useful to the wider community such as amputees and those with pathological gait. In addition, since smartphones are available to a wide group of people, a low-cost solution for gait activity identification can be realized, without requiring the use of external sensors and circuitry.
Copyright (c) 2023 MRA Shourov, M. A. B. Husman, Siti Fauziah Bt. Toha , Farahiyah Binti Jasni
Study on Smart Downtime Monitoring System in Glove Production
The manufacturing industry is pushing forward with the smart machineries, linked networks, and a smart environment to enhance Big Data’s operations – gaining intelligence and actionable real-time insights for higher efficient and smart production. However, in many parts of the manufacturing industry, manual monitoring system is still the usual practice, especially the long-established plants that consist of legacy machines. The monitoring processes of the lines in Top Glove F31 such as recording the lines’ downtime duration, checking the source of the stoppage, transferring the data into spreadsheet, and analyzing the downtime of the lines are all being carried out by human operators. There is a high tendency for the workers to overlook the maintenance of the system because of this work practice, and it will contribute to higher unplanned downtime of the lines. Thus, this project proposes to design an automatic downtime monitoring system that consists of sensors, PLC’s programming, and IoT technologies that can decrease the dependency on workers and not prone to human mistakes to reduce the unplanned downtime of the lines and increase the efficiency of the system.
Copyright (c) 2023 Abd Halim Embong, Fatin Diyana Binti Yahya, Muhammad Mahbubur Rashid