International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture
type: channel
description: International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture(IJEMM) is a quarterly blind peer reviewed journal focusing on original and high-quality research in the wide range of engineering materials and manufacturing topics. It is to provide an excellent and focused platform for knowledge exchange among researchers and academicians working in the field to publish their work globally under a fully open access model.
publisher: Deer Hill Publications
language: en
publication name: International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture
issn: 0128-1852
copyright: <span style="display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #000000; cursor: text; font-family: 'Noto Sans',Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">© Copyright: The Author(s) Creative Commons: CC BY 4.0 Copyright of articles that appear in International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture (IJEMM) are belonged to “The Author(s)” under terms and conditions of Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC BY 4.0). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
items: Development of an Extruder for the Expression of Oil from Trunk Fish mormyrus rume
items: Advancements in Piezoelectric Materials for Biomedical Applications: A Review
items: Water Absorption and Erosion Resistance Properties of Soil Blocks Stabilised with Cissus Populnea Stem Fibre-Infused Water
items: The Impact of Cutting Speed and Feed Rate on Tool Wear and Surface Damage During the Milling of CFRP Composites
items: A Preliminary Study of Recycling Technology Selection Framework (RTSF) For Evaluating the Effectiveness of Plastic Recycling Technologies
items: An Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of uPVC Pipes Manufactured in Bangladesh
items: The Progression of Nanomaterials and the Introduction of 3D Nanomaterial Prosthetics
items: An Investigation and Optimization of Hardness and Tribological Behaviour of Ricehusk Ash Reinforced Aluminium Matrix Composite using Powder Metallurgy Route
items: Preparation of Super-hydrophobic Surface on Stainless Steel - A Review
items: The Role of Recycled Glass in Optical Fiber Technology for Circular Economies: A Review
items: Development of a Solar-Powered Incubator for Poultry Eggs
items: Optimization of Indoor Airflow Distribution in Variable Refrigerant Flow Air Conditioning System: A Review
items: Advancements in Nanorobots: Innovating Bladder Cancer Treatments, Diagnosis and Patient Outcomes
items: Analysis of the Remaining Life Assessment of Fb-8701c Spherical Tank based on Thickness Measurement Data with Ultrasonic Testing Method
items: Wazuh SIEM for Cyber Security and Threat Mitigation in Apparel Industries
items: Selection of Optimal Bending Types in Die Process of L-Shaped Panels Considering the Springback Behaviours
items: Ocular Hydrogel Materials and Corresponding Methods of Anterior Segment Drug Delivery: A Review
items: Application of Metamaterial in Renewable Energy: A Review
items: Recycled Household Plastic and Oil Palm Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composite for Lightweight Construction Applications
items: An Improvement of Hand Press Machine by Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) Methodology
items: Experimental Investigation into Strength Properties of Ribbed Mild Steel Reinforcing Bars (RMSRBs) Produced by Local Companies in Ghana
items: Utilisation of Waste Shea Nutshell Fine-Grained Particles to Enhance Strength and Durability Behaviour of Concrete
items: A Review on Properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites: Effect of Gamma Radiation and Nano particles.
items: An Overview of Bone Cement Compositions used in Vertebroplasty and Their Viability in Clinical Settings
items: Investigating Optimal Smartphone Placement for Identifying Stairs Movement using Machine Learning
items: Study on Smart Downtime Monitoring System in Glove Production
items: Effect of Temperature on Penetration of Test Liquid into Boiler Pipe
items: Revolutionising Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review on Advancements in Nanomaterial-based Theranostics
items: Effects of Alloying Element and Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Alloy Steels
items: Development of IoT-Based Automated Dynamic Emergency Response System Against Fire Incidents in Academic Building

Development of an Extruder for the Expression of Oil from Trunk Fish mormyrus rume
type: item
description: Oil extracted from Mormyrus rume is highly valued for its nutritional benefits, highlighting the need for a simple and efficient processing device for fish oil extraction. This study focused on developing a contamination-free fish oil extruder. The machine was designed based on the principle of pressure differentials, where the pressure applied to the incoming fish pulp is compared to that exerted on the discharged material. Preheated fish are poured through the machine hopper and were compressed through a tapered screw conveyor with a shaft that narrows towards the discharge end and both the pressliqour and the cake are collected via the discharge outlets The maximum fish oil yield of 28.5 % was obtained from Mormyrus rume at a screw diameter of 42.5 mm and a pressing time of 15 minutes. The machine's throughput capacity was recorded at 0.75 kg/h, while the oil expression rate was 0.2 kg/h at a fish-to-water ratio of 2:0.5. The highest oil expression efficiency of 80.0% was achieved at a heating time of 10 minutes, a screw diameter of 42.5 mm with a constant screw rotation speed of 55 rpm. The machine is expected to be applicable for extracting oil from other fish species and oil-bearing materials with similar physical properties. This innovation presents a reliable and efficient method for the mechanical expression of high-quality fish oil.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ayuba Abubakar Babanna
creator: Tajudeen Kolawole Ajiboye
creator: Musliu Olushola Sunmonu
creator: Abdulrahaman Kamaldeen Olajire
creator: Oluwagbemi Caleb Agboola
creator: Oluborede Gabriel Bayode Oluborede Gabriel Bayode
creator: Okouzi Abhulimhen Solomon
creator: Aliyu Rilwan
creator: Yahaya Ibrahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ayuba Abubakar Babanna , Ajiboye Tajudeen Kolawole , Sunmonu Musliu Olushola, Abdulrahaman Kamaldeen Olajire, Agboola Oluwagbemi Caleb, Oluborede Gabriel Bayode, Okouzi Abhulimhen Solomon, Aliyu Rilwan, Ibrahim Yahaya
date: 2025-10-27
publication date: 2025-10-27
starting page: 118
ending page: 125
doi: 10.26776/

Advancements in Piezoelectric Materials for Biomedical Applications: A Review
type: item
description: Piezoelectric materials have the unique ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and vice versa, allowing them to both generate electricity under stress and deform in response to electrical stimulation. This dual functionality makes them a highly promising candidate in biomedical engineering. Over the past few decades, researchers have explored their potential for applications such as tissue engineering, artificial muscles, biomedical implants, and bone tissue regeneration. The growing demand for self-powered and biocompatible devices has increased interest in these materials as they can operate without external power sources by harvesting energy from natural body functions. However, a major research gap remains in developing biodegradable and non-toxic piezoelectric materials that integrate safely into living tissues while maintaining sufficient mechanical strength and electrical responsiveness. Many studies have focused on electrical performance, with less emphasis on long-term biocompatibility and degradation in biological environments. This review analyses the properties and biomedical applications of piezoelectric materials, specifically their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and electromechanical characteristics in skin and neural regeneration, artificial muscles, pacemaker and cochlear implants, and bone tissue regeneration. Future research should prioritize non-cytotoxic, biodegradable composites that balance biocompatibility and performance. Advancements in this area could revolutionize biomedical devices by enabling self-powered, responsive healthcare solutions.
subject: Review
  topic: section
creator: Ricky Nong
creator: Jenna Hamdan
creator: Alfonso Santiago
creator: David Faltaous
creator: Muhammad Hasibul Hasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ricky Nong, Jenna Hamdan, Alfonso Santiago, David Faltaous, Muhammad Hasibul Hasan
date: 2025-10-27
publication date: 2025-10-27
starting page: 134
ending page: 147
doi: 10.26776/

Water Absorption and Erosion Resistance Properties of Soil Blocks Stabilised with Cissus Populnea Stem Fibre-Infused Water
type: item
description: The imminent shortage of conventional building materials coupled with environmental concerns due to the manufacturing processes underscore the need for innovative and sustainable solutions. In soil material improvement, research is being shifted into the use of agricultural-based materials for soil stabilisation. It is against this background that, this study investigated the water absorption and erosion resistance of soil blocks stabilised with Cissus populnea fibre-infused water. To determine the effect of the Cissus populnea fibre-infused content on the soil blocks water absorption and erosion resistance, the infusion concentrations in the mixing water was varied from 0%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% and 15% by weight of the water. A total of 75 blocks were produced and tested at 28 days. From the results, the control blocks absorbed 0.47% water while blocks stabilised with 15% Cissus populnea fibre-infused water absorbed 0.23% water, representing 51% reduction in the block water absorption. Furthermore, erosion decreased from 5.5mm, 4.5mm, 2.6mm, 0.0mm and 0.0mm for the 0%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% and 15% Cissus populnea fibre infusion respectively. The study therefore concludes that Cissus populnea fibre-infused water, particularly at 12.5% and 15% infusions, positively enhanced the durability of soil blocks, making them suitable for soil housing applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Patrick Zievie
creator: Thomas Tanibe Bakaar
creator: Emmanuel Appiah-Kubi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zievie Patrick, Tanibe Bakaar Thomas, Appiah-Kubi Emmanuel
date: 2025-10-27
publication date: 2025-10-27
starting page: 126
ending page: 133
doi: 10.26776/

The Impact of Cutting Speed and Feed Rate on Tool Wear and Surface Damage During the Milling of CFRP Composites
type: item
description: Renowned for their high specific stiffness and exceptional structural integrity, carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) has become indispensable in advanced aerospace and automotive engineering. However, the machining of these composites presents significant difficulties due to their abrasive constituents and anisotropic architecture. During milling, common problems such as rapid tool degradation, delamination of fibres, matrix debonding, and compromised surface finish are frequently observed. This study investigates the extent of tool deterioration and associated surface impairments during the dry milling of CFRP using an uncoated 8 mm tungsten carbide end mill. A selection of cutting parameters which is cutting speeds (100, 150, and 200 m/min) and feed rates (450, 600, and 850 mm/min) were examined during milling of CFRP. The results reveal that cutting speed predominantly affects tool degradation, accounting for a 62.1% increase in wear, while feed rate contributed to 42.7% of the variation. Microscopic analysis of the machined surfaces highlighted defects such as fibre rupture, resin smearing, interlaminar separation, and cracking-phenomena intensified by elevated thermal loading at higher cutting speeds. Based on the outcomes, employing moderate feed rates and lower cutting velocities is recommended to enhance surface integrity and prolong tool usability under dry machining conditions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Najlah Sakinah Shahruddin
creator: Nor Farah Huda Abd Halim
creator: Aisyah Madihah Mustafa
creator: Siti Haryani Tomadi
creator: Erry Y.T. Adesta
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Najlah Sakinah Shahruddin, Nor Farah Huda Abd Halim, Aisyah Madihah Mustafa, Siti Haryani Tomadi, Erry Y.T. Adesta
date: 2025-10-27
publication date: 2025-10-27
starting page: 109
ending page: 117
doi: 10.26776/

A Preliminary Study of Recycling Technology Selection Framework (RTSF) For Evaluating the Effectiveness of Plastic Recycling Technologies
type: item
description: Plastic waste has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental issues globally, with Malaysia generating approximately 1.6 million tonnes of plastic waste annually of which only 9% is effectively recycled. This Study introduces the Recycling Technology Selection Framework (RTSF), a qualitative decision- support tool designed to systematically evaluate and compare plastic recycling technologies across four key pillars: technical, environmental, innovation and technological advancement, and system efficiency. Utilizing a three-level scoring system (High, Medium, Low) and thematic coding of secondary data, the framework was applied to five recycling technologies; mechanical recycling, chemical recycling, pyrolysis, gasification and enzymatic recycling. Radar chart visualization enabled comprehensive performance comparisons. The results show that mechanical recycling is currently the most feasible technology in Malaysia, whereas chemical and pyrolysis exhibit significant potential for future scalability and innovation. Gasification and enzymatic method remain limited by economic and developmental constraints. The framework's validity was further demonstrated through three Malaysian case studies, revealing measurable performance improvements of 15-22% in cost efficiency, material industry stakeholders, and researchers in making informed, sustainability-aligned decisions, thereby supporting the transition toward a circular economy both in Malaysia and in other developing regions facing similar challenges. Keywords: Plastic Recycling Technologies; Recycling Technology Selection Framework (RTSF), Circular Economy, Environmental Sustainability, Decision-Support Tool, Malaysia, Technology Evaluation, Waste Management.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Karthik Ganesan
creator: Mohd Amri Lajis
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Karthik Ganesan, Mohd Amri Lajis
date: 2025-10-05
publication date: 2025-10-05
starting page: 95
ending page: 108
doi: 10.26776/

An Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of uPVC Pipes Manufactured in Bangladesh
type: item
description: With rapid urbanization, the demand for plastic-based infrastructure materials has increased significantly in Bangladesh over the past few decades. Currently, nearly eighty percent of pipes used for residential, commercial and industrial applications are manufactured locally. This study aims to assess the mechanical properties of domestically produced unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) pipes and evaluate their compliance with international quality standards. Five specimens from different manufacturers were randomly selected and tested for Shore D hardness, impact resistance and tensile strength according to ASTM D2240, BS 3505 and ASTM D638 standards, respectively. The results revealed that forty percent of the specimens met both hardness and tensile strength requirements, while none of the specimens passed the impact resistance test. These findings highlight inconsistencies in the mechanical performance of locally manufactured uPVC pipes and suggest areas for quality improvement. The study provides essential insights for local manufacturers, regulators and consumers, contributing to the enhancement of product reliability and international competitiveness.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Rafee Akram
creator: Samsul Islam
creator: Mushfik Islam
creator: Shodiul Masum
creator: Mohammad Zoynal Abedin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Md Ar Rafee Bin Akrama, Samsul Islam, Md Mushfik Ul Islam , Md Shohidul Islam Masum , Mohammad Zoynal Abedin
date: 2025-10-05
publication date: 2025-10-05
starting page: 85
ending page: 94
doi: 10.26776/

The Progression of Nanomaterials and the Introduction of 3D Nanomaterial Prosthetics
type: item
description: Prosthetics have come a long way, evolving from their first prototypes with limited functionality to advanced computer-based systems integrated with AI and enhanced by nanomaterials. Three dimensional (3D) nanomaterial prosthetics have caught the attention of the medical community and have shown promising revolutionary advancements in prosthetic implants. Nanomaterials have become extremely versatile and applicable in many different health applications, thus researchers have explored the integration of 3D nanomaterials into prosthetics. This review provides a brief overview of the common types of nanomaterials, along with various examples and their properties. Additionally, various examples of nanomaterial prosthetics will be discussed along with any implant implementation concerns. In the end, future research on nanomaterials and prosthetics will be presented. To summarize, this review will provide readers with a brief understanding of nanomaterials and their implementation in prosthetics.
subject: Review
  topic: section
creator: Anthony Pham
creator: Royce Wang
creator: Justin Chan
creator: Allen Fang
creator: Muhammad Hasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anthony Pham, Royce Wang, Justin M.-W. Chan, Allen Z. Fang, Muhammad Hasibul Hasan
date: 2025-10-05
publication date: 2025-10-05
starting page: 71
ending page: 84
doi: 10.26776/

An Investigation and Optimization of Hardness and Tribological Behaviour of Ricehusk Ash Reinforced Aluminium Matrix Composite using Powder Metallurgy Route
type: item
description: A composite material of pure aluminium (Al) reinforced with rice husk ash (RHA) was developed using the powder metallurgy route. The mixing parameters (speed and time) were optimized using optimum mixture design in Design Expert 13 software. The effects of varying aluminium and RHA compositions, as well as mixing time and stirring speed, were investigated. The mechanical and tribological properties, specifically hardness, wear rate and coefficient of friction (COF) were evaluated. Before the RHA reinforcement was added, the pure aluminium exhibited a hardness of 61.36666667 HV, a wear rate of 0.000013889 mm/Nm, and a coefficient of friction of 0.3215. The optimization process resulted in an optimal composition of 12.552% RHA and 87.448% aluminium, with a stirring speed of 169.812rpm and a mixing time of 1 hour. Under these conditions, the composite achieved a hardness of 108.326 HV, a zero wear rate, and a coefficient of friction of 0.307. The optimization led to a percentage improvement of 76% in hardness, a 100% reduction in wear rate, and a 4.1% reduction in coefficient of friction. The reduced coefficient of friction remains within the optimal range for effective braking application.
subject: Research
  topic: section
creator: Umma Abdullahi
creator: Gaminana Jimoh Ohinoyi
creator: Bello Kamilu Adeyemi
creator: Kayode Funmilola Anike
creator: Bashar Dan-Asabe
creator: Suleiman Muhammed Ohotu
creator: Murtala Sule Dambatta
creator: Abdu Salihi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Umma Abdullahi, Gaminana Jimoh Ohinoyi, Bello Kamilu Adeyemi, Kayode Funmilola Anike, Bashar Dan-Asabe, Suleiman Muhammed Ohotu, Murtala Sule Dambatta, Abdu Salihi
date: 2025-04-30
publication date: 2025-04-30
starting page: 44
ending page: 53
doi: 10.26776/

Preparation of Super-hydrophobic Surface on Stainless Steel - A Review
type: item
description: This paper presents a thorough examination of the various methodologies employed in the fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces on stainless steel substrates. The study investigates the chemical, mechanical, and combined processes utilized for surface modification especially for Stainless Steel (SS). Chemical techniques, including etching, sol-gel deposition, coating, and electrochemical deposition methods, are discussed in detail, highlighting their effectiveness in exposing superhydrophobicity to stainless steel surfaces. Mechanical approaches such as laser ablation, micro/nano structuring, and sandblasting are explored, emphasizing their ability to create hierarchical surface roughness conducive to superhydrophobic behaviour. Finally, approaches that combines chemical and mechanical processes to achieve the desirable surface modification are discussed under the combined approach section. This study is helpful to identify which fabrication method would be best suitable for a particular need within available resources. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art techniques for preparing superhydrophobic surfaces on stainless steel, offering insights into the advancements, challenges, and future directions in this area of research.
subject: Review
  topic: section
creator: Shah Tanvir Alam Rimon
creator: Fatema Tuz Zohra
creator: Bahram Asiabanpour
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shah Tanvir Alam Rimon, Fatema Tuz Zohra, Bahram Asiabanpour
date: 2025-10-05
publication date: 2025-10-05
starting page: 44
ending page: 70
doi: 10.26776/

The Role of Recycled Glass in Optical Fiber Technology for Circular Economies: A Review
type: item
description: The growing demand for sustainable requirements in all disciplines that should be aligned with the concept of smart cities with parallel of the need to achieve the united nation sustainable development goals by 2030, leads the researchers to find innovative solution in circular economy based. One of the new technologies that have wide range of application due to its variety of application is the Glass optical Fibers. Optical Fibers have a contribution to different industries such communication, construction and manufacturing. This led to a huge quantity of waste based on the linear economy concept. This research focus on highlighting the contribution of recycled glass as a sustainable alternative to virgin silica, emphasizing its ability to retain essential properties. Furthermore, the adoption of recycled glass aligns with circular economy principles, enabling resource conservation, reduced environmental degradation, and energy-efficient manufacturing. The research also highlighted the challenging for recycling the optical Fiber-based glass. By addressing these challenges, recycled glass optical fibres contribute significantly to achieving multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Moreover, the critical role of recycled glass in fostering eco-friendly and technologically advanced smart city infrastructures while promoting sustainability, efficiency, and environmental stewardship in modern urban development also was discussed. As a result, Glass-based fibre optics support growing smart city needs, increasing their use and resulting waste, which should be viewed as a valuable resource, not environmental burden.
subject: Review
  topic: section
creator: Rana Shahin
creator: Jannat Al Alami
creator: Ahmad Malahfji
creator: Moataz Helal
creator: Muataz Al Hazza
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Rana Shahin, Jannat Al Alami, Ahmad Malahfji, Moataz Helal, Muataz Al Hazza
date: 2025-04-30
publication date: 2025-04-30
starting page: 35
ending page: 43
doi: 10.26776/

Development of a Solar-Powered Incubator for Poultry Eggs
type: item
description: The development of solar-powered egg incubators holds promise for sustainable agriculture and poultry farming, particularly in areas with limited access to reliable electricity. Hence, in this work, locally sourced materials were used for the development of solar-powered incubator, with the aim of providing a sustainable and reliable alternative to traditional electricity-powered incubators. The design of the incubator was carried out using the different equations stipulated in literatures. Also, the performance of the incubator was investigated by determining the system temperature, relative humidity, percentage fertility and hatchability. The experimental results indicated that the total heat generated inside the incubator was 149,753.49 J, with contributions from air, eggs, water, and plywood. Also, there was consistent temperature and relative humidity readings throughout the incubation period with the temperature and relative humidity falling between 37.1-38.0°C and 50.6-56% respectively. The study also showed that the incubation process was conducted with diligence, leading to favorable outcomes (67% fertility and 75% hatchability) for embryo development and hatching success.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Joseph Abutu
creator: Mainigi Umar
creator: James Wamayi Midala
creator: Abdulkarim Muhammad Odeh
creator: Garkuwa Haruna
creator: Christian Ike
creator: Sunday Albert Lawal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Joseph Abutu, Mainigi Umar, James Wamayi Midala, Abdulkarim Muhammad Odeh, Garkuwa Haruna, Christian Ogwuche Ike, Sunday Albert Lawal
date: 2025-01-26
publication date: 2025-01-26
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.26776/ijemm.10.01.2025.01

Optimization of Indoor Airflow Distribution in Variable Refrigerant Flow Air Conditioning System: A Review
type: item
description: Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) air conditioning systems have gained widespread acceptance for their energy efficiency, precise temperature control, and flexibility in multi-zone applications. However, the optimization of indoor airflow distribution remains a critical factor for enhancing system performance and occupant comfort. This review synthesizes the current research on the strategies and methodologies employed to optimize the indoor airflow distribution in VRF systems. Key areas of focus include advanced sensor integration, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, and the impact of indoor unit placement and design of the system. Studies highlight the importance of adaptive control strategies that respond to real-time occupancy and thermal load variations. Additionally, advancements in sensor technology and CFD simulations offer detailed insights into airflow patterns and temperature distributions, facilitating more effective system design and operation. This review also identifies the existing gaps in the literature and suggests the future research directions, emphasizing the need for integrated approaches that combine empirical data and advanced control mechanisms to achieve the optimal indoor air quality and the energy efficiency in the VRF systems. It is found that the VRF system is more economic and efficient such that the VRF system is found to have 44% cost profit when compared with the conventional HVAC system. On the other hand, the energy saving obtained with solar energy based VRF for the hot-dry climate is 17.5% and 11.6% against conventional all-air VAV and VRF systems, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed control strategy can improve energy efficiency by 12.6% and control room temperature fluctuations within ± 0.5°C.
subject: Review
  topic: section
creator: Amal Chandra Kar
creator: Mohammad Zoynal Abedin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Amal Chandra Kar, Mohammad Zoynal Abedin
date: 2025-04-30
publication date: 2025-04-30
starting page: 26
ending page: 34
doi: 10.26776/

Advancements in Nanorobots: Innovating Bladder Cancer Treatments, Diagnosis and Patient Outcomes
type: item
description: Nanorobots are an emerging technology that can deliver cancer treatment with increased precision, potentially decreasing unintended side effects commonly seen with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Recent advancements in in vivo trials have demonstrated significant tumor reduction in mice with bladder cancer, showing the potential of nanorobots to not only treat but also improve diagnostic capabilities in cancer therapy. This review aims to highlight the precision of nanorobots, the current knowledge on their use and their potential in clinical applications. The use of nanorobots could lead to better patient outcomes by providing targeted treatment and reducing side effects. Key components of modern nanorobot technology, including self-driving capabilities, biocompatibility, and biosafety, are analyzed. Chemically-driven micro/nanorobots (MNRs) are primarily categorized by the biocompatibility of the materials used and the cytotoxicity of their waste products. Common materials are considered, focusing on size, shape, surface charge, and surface area. While both hydrogen peroxide and urease-driven nanorobots are considered potential fuels for MNRs, urease is regarded as a more biocompatible solution, making it a promising option for cancer treatment. This report emphasizes the potential of nanorobots to revolutionize the treatment of bladder cancer by improving both therapeutic precision and patient quality of life.
subject: Review
  topic: section
creator: Zehra Hussain
creator: Alyssa Di Fonzo
creator: Hermela Merhawi
creator: Mary Gallant
creator: Robert Girlan
creator: Muhammad Hasibul Hasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zehra Hussain, Alyssa Di Fonzo, Hermela Merhawi, Mary Gallant, Robert Girlan, Muhammad Hasibul Hasan
date: 2025-01-26
publication date: 2025-01-26
starting page: 10
ending page: 25
doi: 10.26776/ijemm.10.01.2025.02

Analysis of the Remaining Life Assessment of Fb-8701c Spherical Tank based on Thickness Measurement Data with Ultrasonic Testing Method
type: item
description: This remaining life assessment assessed the thickness and corrosion rate characteristics of A516 Grade 70 carbon steel, a material widely used in the fabrication of pressure vessels and boilers, including spherical tanks. The material was evaluated through ultrasonic non-destructive testing, with the aim of determining the minimum thickness and corrosion rate, based on field data collected by the inspector. The data was then analyzed to determine the minimum allowable thickness and estimate the remaining life of the pressure vessel based on API 510 standard. The study results showed that all components examined were within safe limits for use, above the required thickness (actual thickness > required thickness). The calculation of the highest corrosion rate is on the Top Head Plate 7 component, which is 0.067 mm/year, so this component has the shortest remaining life, which is 54.06 years. This study also calculates the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) value which is a reference to ensure the safety of pressure vessels when operated. The working pressure when operated must not exceed the calculated MAWP value. The calculated MAWP value is in the range of 6.99 to 8.12 psi.
subject: Research
  topic: section
creator: Faiqotul Himmah
creator: Dharmaputra Dwi Satria Dipa Dipa
creator: Ismail
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Faiqotul Himmah, Dharmaputra Dwi Satria Dipa, Ismail
date: 2024-10-31
publication date: 2024-10-31
starting page: 130
ending page: 135
doi: 10.26776/ijemm.09.04.2024.01

Wazuh SIEM for Cyber Security and Threat Mitigation in Apparel Industries
type: item
description: Security of IT infrastructure is critical in the modern digital environment, particularly for industries that manufacture clothing. The application of the Wazuh Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) system to improve security monitoring and compliance for an IT system in the apparel industry is the main topic of this study. To improve the apparel industry cyber threat monitoring system in real-time monitoring, detecting the threat vectors that support the centralized management system, to meet these objectives of the company, an SIEM security management system has been installed and configured with the components of Wazuh manager, indexer, Wazuh agent, and Wazuh dashboard as well. An Oracle virtual lab environment was created to install and configure the Wazuh system a robust Linux operating system was installed at the server level and Windows 10 was installed on the client end to the authenticity failure of the security system. To implement the Wazuh system, the project management guideline was followed which ensured the planning and implementation of the project, testing phases, and along with review and maintenance. Wazuh security management system successfully identified the authentical failure reports and vulnerabilities and generated automated reports from the system that showed the result of 1 critical, 19 high, and 5 medium levels of vulnerabilities shown in Figure 6, and the necessary patch recommended to solve the critical issues. On the other hand, the system also generated security events as well as integrity monitoring system reports. The deployment of the Wazuh security management system ensured the robust cost-effective security management system with high quality for detecting cyber threats which supports the regulatory and compliance requirements and is a viable tool for the apparel industry to protect the stakeholders’ interest.
subject: Research
  topic: section
creator: Md Rafiqul Islam
creator: Raisa Rafique
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Md Rafiqul Islam, Raisa Rafique
date: 2024-10-31
publication date: 2024-10-31
starting page: 136
ending page: 144
doi: 10.26776/ijemm.09.04.2024.02

Selection of Optimal Bending Types in Die Process of L-Shaped Panels Considering the Springback Behaviours
type: item
description: In die designing, one of the most crucial decisions is selecting the appropriate die process required to produce panels. The challenge for die designer is to comprehend the behaviour of the panel material in relation to the die processes. If the die process is not correctly determined before die fabrication, severe panel spring back may occur, which can become difficult and require additional time and effort to rectify. This paper presents research aimed at understanding the behaviour of different types of bending process combinations concerning the spring back occurrence during the stamping process of an L-shaped design intent panel. Using simulation and experiment, three types of materials with different tensile properties of 270 MPa, 440 MPa and 590 MPa, but the same thickness of 1.8 mm, were selected. The results were compared, analysed and optimized by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) method. The results demonstrate that one-process bending with full bending (compress type) approach, is the most suitable for the three materials type L-shaped panel. The study provides guidelines for die design engineers, industrial practitioners and researchers to decide on the best approach for die process decisions, when dealing with specific panels properties, shape and thickness.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Salfarina Rozeman
creator: Erry Yulian Triblas Adesta
creator: Ali Sophian
creator: Siti Haryani Tomadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Salfarina Rozeman, Erry Yulian Triblas Adesta, Ali Sophian, Siti Haryani Tomadi
date: 2024-07-16
publication date: 2024-07-16
starting page: 96
ending page: 116
doi: 10.26776/ijemm.09.03.2024.02

Ocular Hydrogel Materials and Corresponding Methods of Anterior Segment Drug Delivery: A Review
type: item
description: Ocular conditions have historically proven difficult to treat. Topical eye drops are the primary method of anterior ocular drug delivery but have demonstrated low effectiveness as they require perpetual administration to achieve adequate doses of drug in the target tissue. This can lower patient compliance and increase the risk of side effects, such as systemic toxicity as most of the drug is absorbed through the eye’s natural clearance pathways. Considering this, further development of alternate anterior delivery methods has the potential to improve drug effectiveness, residence times, and bioavailability, as well as reduce systemic toxicity. To this end, the ongoing development of contact lenses, thermogels, nanoparticle delivery systems, as well as mucoadhesive and mucopenetrative properties are being explored. This paper will discuss these developments, as well as their implications in ocular treatment.
subject: Review
  topic: section
creator: Michael Williams
creator: Muhammad Hasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Michael Williams, Muhammad Hasibul Hasan
date: 2024-07-16
publication date: 2024-07-16
starting page: 117
ending page: 129
doi: 10.26776/ijemm.09.03.2024.03

Application of Metamaterial in Renewable Energy: A Review
type: item
description: Metamaterial advancements hold promise for compact renewable energy harvesting, capturing acoustic, electromagnetic, mechanical, and solar energy on a modest scale across global industries. Engineered structures surpass natural material limitations, offering capabilities unattainable in traditional counterparts. This investigation explores metamaterials' manipulation of acoustic, electromagnetic, mechanical, and solar energy. Mechanical metamaterials convert strain into electrical energy, applicable from interstellar travel to terrestrial infrastructure. Precision-configured acoustic metamaterials efficiently harness dispersed acoustic energy, improving renewable energy methodologies. Integration into photovoltaic cells showcases metamaterials' solar potential, with innovative designs enhancing solar energy conversion efficiency. Electromagnetic metamaterials efficiently absorb and convert frequencies into usable energy from communications and monitoring systems, in the agricultural and environmental sectors. Comparative analyses highlight noteworthy efficiency advancements, underscoring metamaterials' transformative influence on renewable energy. As they redefine the sector, implications extend to both small-scale devices and large-scale applications, positioning them as pivotal contributors. The paper critically evaluates metamaterial effectiveness in harnessing diverse energy sources, guiding future research. Metamaterial adaptability to different sizes and integration into technology reveals possibilities for compact energy sources. Ongoing research addresses scientific and economic challenges, paving the way for scaling metamaterial applications to commercial operations and emphasizing their importance in incorporating renewable energy into our technological milieu.
subject: Review
  topic: section
creator: Ali Ahmad
creator: Abeer Asad
creator: Pocholo Pacpaco
creator: Claire Thampongphan
creator: Muhammad Hasibul Hasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Abeer Asad, Ali Ahmad, Pocholo Pacpaco, Claire Thampongphan, Muhammad Hasibul Hasan
date: 2024-04-15
publication date: 2024-04-15
starting page: 60
ending page: 80
doi: 10.26776/ijemm.09.02.20243.04

Recycled Household Plastic and Oil Palm Filler Reinforced Epoxy Composite for Lightweight Construction Applications
type: item
description: Polypropylene is extensively used in aerospace, automotive and construction applications due to its versatile properties. This project aims to reduce plastic and oil palm waste and promote the development of strong, sustainable and eco-friendly construction materials. The objective of this project is to develop a sustainable yet high-performance construction material by incorporating polypropylene particles, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibres and oil palm shell (OPS) particles into epoxy composites through the hand lay-up method. The composite specimens undergo ASTM D638 tensile test to determine the tensile properties. The addition of PP particles in varying weights shows decrease in tensile strength, likely due to poor dispersion and compatibility with the epoxy matrix. Incorporating 3 wt% OPEFB fibres with fibre length from 2mm to 4mm improves tensile strength by 2.32% and 23.36% respectively at higher PP particle loadings which are 15 wt% and 25 wt%. Adding 1 wt% and 3 wt% OPS particles improves the tensile strength by 2.96% and 4.68% respectively, in composites with 10 wt% PP particles and 3 wt% OPEFB fibres. The tensile performance may be improved by treating PP particles with compatibilizers such as silane or maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene.
subject: Research
  topic: section
subject: Conference
  topic: category
creator: Adrian Wong Qin Jun
creator: Ai Ling Fong
creator: Sujan Debnath
creator: Mohammad Yeakub Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Adrian Wong Qin Jun, Fong Ai Ling, Sujan Debnath, Mohammad Yeakub Ali
date: 2024-04-15
publication date: 2024-04-15
starting page: 52
ending page: 59
doi: 10.26776/ijemm.09.02.2024.03

An Improvement of Hand Press Machine by Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) Methodology
type: item
description: This research consists of the analysis of hand press machine selected using the Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) method. DFMA is a method that combines both Design for Manufacturing (DFM) and Design for Assembly (DFA) techniques. It has the purpose to make improvements on the existing product by implementing DFMA to reduce number of components, time, and cost. The combination of hand press machine and a die cutting tool has been an effective tool to produce and replicate identical designs in the shortest time. The main objective of this research is to develop a Hand Press Machine that exhibits superior design efficiency and reduced manufacturing costs compared to the original design. To achieve this, the chosen existing model, the WUTA Pro Leather Cutting Machine, was remodelled using SolidWorks 2022 software. The original design of the Hand Press Machine had a design efficiency of 25.89%. However, the improved design achieved a significantly higher design efficiency of 36.56%, representing an increase of 10.67%. To attain this improvement, four modifications were implemented. One notable achievement in the improved design was a reduction in the total number of parts. The original design comprised 52 parts, whereas the improved design successfully reduced this to 34 parts, resulting in a reduction of 18 parts. The cost analysis, based on total absorption cost, revealed that the manufacturing cost of the original design was estimated at $362.01 for 18 manufactured parts. In contrast, the improved design was able to achieve a cost reduction, with an estimated manufacturing cost of around $339.16 for 16 manufactured parts. This indicates a cost reduction of $22.85 between the two models.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Pei Yee Ng
creator: Mohd Amri Lajis
creator: Azli Nawawi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Pei Yee Ng, Mohd Amri Lajis, Azli Nawawi
date: 2024-07-16
publication date: 2024-07-16
starting page: 81
ending page: 95
doi: 10.26776/ijemm.09.03.2024.01

Experimental Investigation into Strength Properties of Ribbed Mild Steel Reinforcing Bars (RMSRBs) Produced by Local Companies in Ghana
type: item
description: The construction of high-rise buildings has increased the production and demand of ribbed mild steel reinforcing bars (RMSRBs) in Ghana. This study aimed at investigating the strength properties of RMSRBs manufactured in Ghana from scrap metals. Three steel-producing companies were considered for this study. A total of 90 samples of 12, 16, and 20mm diameters with lengths of 500, 50, and 20mm were used for the study. The prepared specimens were subjected to tensile strength test, chemical composition analysis, micro-hardness test, and microstructure analysis. The results indicate that the average tensile strength of between 576.00 and 768.40N/mm2 were above the minimum tensile strength of 250N/mm2 recommended by ASTM E8/E8M-16a. The carbon equivalent values (CEVs) of between 0.287 and 0.333% obtained were almost within the range of 0.3 to 0.55% recommended by ASTM A706/A706M-09b. It was also identified that the average Vickers hardness values of between 255.76 and 295.38HV were acceptable. The microstructural images showed good distribution of the pearlite and ferrite of the core. One Way ANOVA results indicated that the differences in the tensile strength values for 12mm (p-value ˂0.000) and 16mm (p-value =0.001) were statistically significant, however, the 20mm (p-value =0.138) was not statistically significant. The study, therefore, concludes that the strength properties of the 12, 16, and 20mm diameters of the RMSRBs produced by the three different companies in Ghana meet the standard requirements, and are recommended for use by contractors for the production of reinforced concrete.
subject: Research
  topic: section
creator: Humphrey Danso
creator: Mohammed Sumaila
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Humphrey Danso, Mohammed Sumaila
date: 2024-04-15
publication date: 2024-04-15
starting page: 41
ending page: 51
doi: 10.26776/ijemm.09.02.2024.02

Utilisation of Waste Shea Nutshell Fine-Grained Particles to Enhance Strength and Durability Behaviour of Concrete
type: item
description: Shea nutshells possess properties that stabilise soil enough to resist water penetration. It is a waste material and incorporating it as an additive material in concrete will be a means by which it can be recycled. With this projection, the study incorporated shea nutshell particles (SSP) as fine aggregates in concrete. The aim was to determine their influence on strength and durability properties. Fine aggregates were partially replaced with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% SSP based on the weight of the aggregate, and labelled as A0, S10, S20, S30 and S40 respectively. Concrete cubes of size 150 mm and cylinders of diameter 150 mm and height of 300 mm were prepared and cured for 7, 14, 28, and 90 days. The concrete was tested for density, compressive strength, split tensile strength, water absorption, and sulphate attack. The inclusion of the SSP did not improve the compressive and split tensile strengths. However, water absorption and sulphate attack decreased with further addition. Though, strength properties did not appreciate, values at 10%, 20% and 30% additions in 28 and 90 days satisfied the 28 days minimum requirement of 25 N/mm2. Hence, the study recommends the use of SSP in concrete production up to 30%.
subject: Research
  topic: section
creator: Patrick Zievie
creator: Peter Paa-kofi yalley
creator: Humphrey Danso
creator: Kwaku Antwi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Patrick Zievie, Prof. Peter Paa-kofi yalley, Prof. Humphrey Danso, Dr. Kwaku Antwi
date: 2024-04-15
publication date: 2024-04-15
starting page: 30
ending page: 40
doi: 10.26776/ijemm.09.02.2024.01

A Review on Properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites: Effect of Gamma Radiation and Nano particles.
type: item
description: Materials comprised of a polymer matrix with natural fiber reinforcement are known as natural fiber reinforcement polymer composites (NFRCs). Scientists have recently become quite interested in these composite materials because they provide improved properties over conventional synthetic fiber reinforced polymer composites at a lower cost and with benefits to the environment. However, a number of factors, including gamma radiation exposure and the addition of nanoparticles, can impact the properties of NFRCs. This review will focus on the effects of gamma radiation and nanoparticles on the mechanical, thermal, and water-resistance properties of NFRCs. In order to help in the creation of new and improved NFRCs for diverse applications, this review seeks to provide a thorough understanding of the characteristics of NFRCs and how they might be impacted by gamma radiation and nanoparticles.
subject: Review
  topic: section
creator: Md. Shamim Ahmed
creator: Md. Marjanul Haque
creator: Ruhul A. Khan
creator: Md. Abdul Hannan Miah
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Md. Shamim Ahmed, Md. Marjanul Haque, Ruhul A. Khan, Md. Abdul Hannan Mia
date: 2024-01-26
publication date: 2024-01-26
starting page: 15
ending page: 29
doi: 10.26776/ijemm.09.01.2024.02

An Overview of Bone Cement Compositions used in Vertebroplasty and Their Viability in Clinical Settings
type: item
description: Vertebroplasty is a minimally invasive surgical procedure wherein a particular composition of bone cement is injected into a fractured vertebra in an attempt to restore joint mobility and reduce perceived pain. It is especially common in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, most typically experienced by older women. The formulation of this bone cement takes on many forms, the most common being the group of cements known as polymethyl methacrylate acrylic bone cements. The different varieties of acrylic bone cements are investigated and compared, in addition to new potential rival materials being developed to rival the dominance of acrylic bone cements in the vertebroplasty bone cement industry. Factors such as biomechanical strength, handling, osteoconductivity/inductivity, biodegradability, additive delivery, and porosity are considered. While the main drawbacks of acrylic bone cements (significant biomechanical mismatch with vertebrae and lack of biodegradability and osteoconductivity) present opportunities for new solutions to enter the market to compete, the industry standard in vertebroplasty remains the most widely applicable, and thus wisest, cement choice for the procedure. Keywords: Vertebroplasty, Minimally Invasive Surgery, Biodegradability, Bone Cement
subject: Review
  topic: section
creator: Gleb Levashov
creator: Muhammad Hasibul Hasan
creator: Arion Frakulli
creator: Janneza Macaalay
creator: Kian Nahad
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Gleb Levashov, Muhammad Hasibul Hasan, Arion Frakulli, Janneza Macaalay, Kian Nahad
date: 2024-01-26
publication date: 2024-01-26
starting page: 1
ending page: 14
doi: 10.26776/ijemm.09.01.2024.01

Investigating Optimal Smartphone Placement for Identifying Stairs Movement using Machine Learning
type: item
description: The identification of gait activities such as stair ascending and descending poses a significant challenge due to the proximity of data provided by the sensory pathway. Accurate identification of gait activities is crucial in conveying essential gait information to users for the recognition of human movement activities. However, gait patterns can vary significantly between individuals, making it challenging to develop a generalized algorithm for identifying incline surface gait activity. Factors such as walking speed, stride length, and body mechanics can all influence gait patterns, making it difficult to establish a consistent framework. Despite various research on gait event detection for level ground walking, the identification of gait activities on an inclined surface such as stairs, especially using smartphones as sensors, is currently lacking. The goal of this study is to investigate and develop a reliable and accurate method for detecting gait activities on an inclined surface such as stairs using smartphones as the sensing device. Specifically, this study focuses on investigating optimal placement of smartphones to extract tri- axis accelerometer data from the inertial sensors during stair movement. The inertial sensor data was collected from the smartphone at two different positions and two different orientations. The data was trained against 6 machine learning algorithms namely Decision Tree, Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, Random Forest, Neural Networks and KNN. It was observed that, by using Decision Tree and Random Forest algorithm 100% accuracy was achieved, when smartphone was placed at the thigh during stair movement. Successful identification of stair movement activity by using a smartphone can significantly contribute to future research and could also prove useful to the wider community such as amputees and those with pathological gait. In addition, since smartphones are available to a wide group of people, a low-cost solution for gait activity …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: MRA Shourov
creator: M. A. B. Husman
creator: Siti Fauziah Toha
creator: Farahiyah Jasni
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 MRA Shourov, M. A. B. Husman, Siti Fauziah Bt. Toha , Farahiyah Binti Jasni
date: 2023-10-20
publication date: 2023-10-20
starting page: 95
ending page: 105
doi: 10.26776/ijemm.08.04.2023.02

Study on Smart Downtime Monitoring System in Glove Production
type: item
description: The manufacturing industry is pushing forward with the smart machineries, linked networks, and a smart environment to enhance Big Data’s operations – gaining intelligence and actionable real-time insights for higher efficient and smart production. However, in many parts of the manufacturing industry, manual monitoring system is still the usual practice, especially the long-established plants that consist of legacy machines. The monitoring processes of the lines in Top Glove F31 such as recording the lines’ downtime duration, checking the source of the stoppage, transferring the data into spreadsheet, and analyzing the downtime of the lines are all being carried out by human operators. There is a high tendency for the workers to overlook the maintenance of the system because of this work practice, and it will contribute to higher unplanned downtime of the lines. Thus, this project proposes to design an automatic downtime monitoring system that consists of sensors, PLC’s programming, and IoT technologies that can decrease the dependency on workers and not prone to human mistakes to reduce the unplanned downtime of the lines and increase the efficiency of the system.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Abd Halim Embong
creator: Fatin Diyana Yahya
creator: Muhammad Mahbubur Rashid
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Abd Halim Embong, Fatin Diyana Binti Yahya, Muhammad Mahbubur Rashid
date: 2023-10-20
publication date: 2023-10-20
starting page: 124
ending page: 131
doi: 10.26776/ijemm.08.04.2023.04

Effect of Temperature on Penetration of Test Liquid into Boiler Pipe
type: item
description: Limitations of time in conducting superheater inspections during overhaul, allowing inspectors to conduct liquid penetrant testing activities above pre-determined temperatures. This results in results obtained from the superheater inspection tube boiler indicating a false defect. This study aims to determine the optimal temperature and the impact of testing above the temperature that has been determined in ASME boiler and pressure vessel code using liquid penetrant testing method. This study uses 3 different penetrant brands and test specimens in the form of a superhater tube boiler. Spraying of penetrant fluid is carried out at normal temperature of 30–52oC and above normal temperature is 53–65 oC. The best crack and easy to read image results are tested at 40 °C A, B and C. For testing at temperature 53–65 oC crack thickness level is not clear and hard to read.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Zaenal Abidin Zaenal Abidin
creator: Setyo Aji Wisnu Wibowo
creator: Tasih Mulyono
creator: Erry Yulian T. Adesta
creator: Agus Geter Edy Sutjipto
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Zaenal Abidin, Setyo Aji Wisnu Wibowo, Tasih Mulyono, Erry Yulian T. Adesta, Agus Geter Edy Sutjipto
date: 2023-10-20
publication date: 2023-10-20
starting page: 88
ending page: 94
doi: 10.26776/ijemm.08.04.2023.01

Revolutionising Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review on Advancements in Nanomaterial-based Theranostics
type: item
description: The persistent struggle against cancer has given rise to the development of nanotheranostics, a domain that integrates therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities within nanoscale structures. This paper explores advancements in nanomaterials and nanoparticles for cancer nanotheranostics, focusing on their design, significance, and applications. The incorporation of biocompatible nanoparticles in cancer therapy offers personalised, targeted approaches while minimising side effects. The use of nanomaterials such as metals, polymers, and lipids enable precise drug delivery and imaging. Various imaging modalities, including ultrasound and fluorescence, complement therapeutic strategies for enhanced precision. Critical parameters for nanomaterial selection and design are discussed, emphasising biocompatibility, targeting efficiency, and drug delivery capacity. Biocompatibility ensures safe interactions within biological systems, requiring mitigation of toxicological concerns through strategies like anti-inflammatory peptides or ligand-functionalization. Targeting efficiency combines passive and active targeting to enhance specificity, reshaping cancer diagnostics and therapy. Drug delivery capacity is achieved through engineered core-shell structures with distinct properties, including liposomes, micelles, and dendrimers, each tailored for targeted therapy and imaging. This paper also discusses the advancements in the field of cancer treatment using nanotheranostics and its economic impact on the Canadian healthcare systems while following the ethical guidelines towards patients’ consent, privacy, and the proper use of emerging technologies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Merjan Jabarkhil
creator: Ayisha S. Azizi
creator: Syeda Zubia Imam
creator: Abdulrahman Alrabbat
creator: Khawaja Danyal Hasan
creator: Muhammad Hasibul Hasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Merjan Jabarkhil, Ayisha Azizi, Syeda Zubia Imam, Abdul Rahman Alrabbat, Khawaja Danyal Hasan, Muhammad Hasibul Hasan
date: 2023-10-20
publication date: 2023-10-20
starting page: 106
ending page: 123
doi: 10.26776/ijemm.08.04.2023.03

Effects of Alloying Element and Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Alloy Steels
type: item
description: The effects of Cr and Ni on three different types of steel with different carbon ratios under constant conditions such as the welding current 120A, voltage 80V, Diameter 10 mm and angle 60 degree was observed. Nickel percentage of up to 0.147% and Chromium 0.083% contributed to affecting the mechanical properties of the steel. Undissolved carbide particles refine the austenite grain size. In the presence of nickel, chromium carbide is less effective in austenite grain refinement than chromium carbide in absence of nickel at temperature below 975°C. Nickel does not produce any austenite grain refinement but presence of nickel promotes the formation of acicular ferrites. It was also found that Ni and Cr as chromium carbide also refines the ferrite grain size and morphology. Cr as chromium carbide is more effective in refining ferrite grain size than nickel. The microstructure of the base metal as a reference material was analysed before heating to support the results of chemical analysis. Nickel percentage of up to 0.147% and Chromium 0.083%. Molybdenum was 0.03% which contributed to affecting the mechanical properties of the steel. Keyword: Alloy steel, Heat treatment, Chromium, Nickel, Grain size
subject: Research
  topic: section
creator: Umma Abdullahi
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Umma Abdullahi
date: 2023-07-01
publication date: 2023-07-01
starting page: 67
ending page: 74
doi: 10.26776/ijemm.08.03.2023.02

Development of IoT-Based Automated Dynamic Emergency Response System Against Fire Incidents in Academic Building
type: item
description: The ongoing advancement of architectural and structural designs, high-ceiling spaces, special spaces have made fire disasters increasingly diverse and difficult to predict. It is demanding the need for improved firefighting systems. This study aims to address the need for improved firefighting systems in academic building by proposing the development of an IoT-based automated emergency response website. The proposed system leverages IoT technology, wireless and bluetooth sensor networks to gather real-time data from various sensors and devices installed in the site and uses machine learning algorithms to predict and prevent potential fire incidents. The system also includes an emergency response website that allows users to access real-time information about the fire incident, location, severity, and evacuation instructions. Additionally, the proposed system incorporates Building Information Modelling (BIM) to optimize evacuation and rescue routes, providing early detection and accurate alarm capabilities, evacuation guidance for endangered individuals, and guidance for firefighters. The integration of BIM allows the system to provide a three-dimensional visualization of the site, enabling a more efficient and effective response to fire incidents. Overall, the proposed system aims to improve the safety and security through real-time monitoring and response capabilities. By leveraging the power of IoT technology, machine learning algorithms and BIM, the proposed system aims to reduce the impact of fire disasters by providing accurate and timely information, route optimization and facilitating effective evacuation and rescue efforts. Keywords: Building Information Modeling, IoT, Sensor, Dijkstra Algorithm, Simulation
subject: Research
  topic: section
creator: Syed Mohammed Zakaria Al-Hady
creator: Md Rafiqul Islam
creator: Muhammad Mahbubur Rashid
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Syed Mohammed Zakaria Al-Hady, Md Rafiqul Islam, Muhammad Mahbubur Rashid
date: 2023-07-01
publication date: 2023-07-01
starting page: 75
ending page: 87
doi: 10.26776/ijemm.08.03.2023.03